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1. Explain how skeletal muscle moves bone. Address the following: How does it attach to bone? What is meant by contraction? Do muscles pull or push? 2. Compare and contrast voluntary and involuntary control of skeletal muscle in terms of the stimulus, neural pathway (including all relevant parts of the CNS involved), and response. Explain what the muscle spindle apparatus is, what it detects and whether its involved in the voluntary or involuntary response. 3. Draw a diagram and/or explain in words muscle structure. Begin with an entire muscle from the macroscopic (gross anatomy) and then zoom into the cellular and molecular level. Include and define terms like entire muscle, muscle fibers, neuromuscular junction, sarcolemma, motor end plate, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), sarcoplasm, with actin (thin filaments) vs. myosin (thick filaments) forming sarcomeres. 4. Describe the sliding filament model. Define the term sarcomere, and then explain what happens to the thick and thin filaments, the A band, the I band and the sarcomere. 5. Beginning with the release of neurotransmitter from a somatic motor neuron, describe in words excitation-coupling contraction (the sequence of events that lead to cross-bridge formation within the skeletal muscle). Make sure you include: the name of the neurotransmitter and the type of receptor it binds, describe what happens in the muscle fiber in response, including where the resulting signal spreads, what types specific types of ion channels open and where they are located, from where the ion is released and where it goes, the protein the ion binds, and the effect that has on the other regulatory protein, explain how that leads to cross-bridge formation, and explain what the cross-bridge is and the name of the two contractile proteins involved. 6. Explain in words or create a flow chart of the steps of the cross-bridge cycle. Include the terms: actin, myosin, hydrolyze, ATP, ADP+ Pi, cross-bridge, power stroke. 7. What has to happen for a muscle to relax? 8. What are the roles of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation? 9. When it comes to the strength of contraction, what is recruitment and why is it important and what are motor units, how does the thickness of the fiber affect contraction strength, and how does initial length of the fiber at rest affect contraction strength? 10. Define and be able to apply the terms concentric, isometric and eccentric contractions. Tip: Try doing each type of contraction and explain to yourself what’s happening with each and how they are different. 11. Name and describe the sources of energy during strenuous exercise (e.g. sprinting/powerlifting)? 12. Name and describe the sources of energy for mild to moderate exercise. 13. Why do we continue to breathe heavily right after exercise? 14. Define the following terms: creatine phosphate, myoglobin, fatigue, atrophy, hypertrophy. 15. Make a table to compare and contrast slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers in terms of speed of contraction, time it takes to fatigue, mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries, and type of cellular respiration, Also be able to predict which type of muscle fiber would be better suited for which type of activities. 16. Make a table to compare and contrast the changes that occur in the muscle with aerobic (endurance) exercise vs. resistance training. 17. What is hypertrophy and what is atrophy? Define each and explain how they relate to muscles. 18. What tends to happen to muscles as we age and why? What can be done to reduce the effects of aging on muscle? 19. Make a table to compare and contrast skeletal muscle vs. cardiac muscle vs. smooth muscle in terms of location, appearance, external regulation, gap junctions, and internal calcium ion binding regulatory protein. What binds calcium in smooth muscle and how is myosin activated in this type of muscle? ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED HANDWRITTEN PLEASE AND THEY DO NOT NEED TO BE SO LONG.
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