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-Use the SPSS file Assignment 4 2024 Data.sav (i have converted it into the excel file as attached below so please download it back to the SPSS app to complete the assignment)
– This file contains data from the Zhao and Epley 2022 Download Zhao and Epley 2022 publication. You should reference the Assignment 4 experiment overview (please check it below) and publication before starting the analysis.
-Download the Word document Assignment 4 2024 TO_POST.docx Download Assignment 4 2024 TO_POST.docx and TYPE your answers in the spaces provided.
-Submission. Return to Assignment 4 on Canvas to submit two documents: your assignment (which must be in Word or preferably pdf format, i.e., with file extensions .doc, .docx, or .pdf) and your accompanying SPSS output file (i.e., the single .spv file that includes the results of all your final analysis – just delete any extra analyses that you might have run but not needed).
Surprisingly Happy to Have Helped: Underestimating Prosociality Creates a Misplaced Barrier to Asking for Help
Xuan Zhao1 and Nicholas Epley2
1Department of Psychology, Stanford University, and 2Booth School of Business, University of Chicago
Note: although we have maintained the integrity of the data, there have been some minor changes to the analysis to what you might read in the publication. Many of their analyses were done using ANOVA’s while we have selected subsets to analyze with t-tests so that it is more appropriate for your assignment.
Abstract: Performing acts of kindness increases well-being, yet people can be reluctant to ask for help that would enable others’ kindness. We suggest that people may be overly reluctant because of miscalibrated expectations about others’ prosocial motivation, underestimating how positively others will feel when asked for help. Those needing help consistently underestimated others’ willingness to help, underestimated how positively helpers would feel, and overestimated how inconvenienced helpers would feel. These miscalibrated expectations stemmed from underestimating helpers’ prosocial motivation while overestimating compliance motivation. Undervaluing prosociality could create a misplaced barrier to asking for help when needed. We hypothesize that those in need of help underestimate the strength of others’ prosocial motivation to help when asked directly— How much others “want” to help—consequently underestimating how willingly others will help and how positively others will feel about helping. Failing to fully appreciate how much others will genuinely want to help, and will feel positive for doing so, could then leave people overly reluctant to asking for help more often in daily life. Finally, experiments across a variety of contexts indicate that people reliably underestimate the likelihood that others will agree to their direct requests (Bohns, 2016). Requests for help such as borrowing a cell phone (Flynn & Lake, 2008) those making the request consistently believe others will say “no” more often than others actually do. This underestimation-of-compliance effect has been interpreted as a failure among requesters to fully appreciate the strength of compliance motivation among recipients, especially how uncomfortable it would be to say “no” to a request. We believe that these hypotheses are important because they clarify theoretical mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior and also because expectations about helpers’ experiences are likely to guide decisions to request help.
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