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“In order to investigate these and other potential consequences of the widespread use of English, Kachru (1985) proposed viewing the expansion of English in a model consisting of three concentric circles. The three circles illustrate the “types of spread, patterns of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures and languages” (p. 12). In the Inner Circle are countries where English is the primary language. These include the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The Outer Circle represents countries where English became institutionalized as a consequence of a political history involving colonization by one of the Inner Circle countries. Outer Circle countries are multilingual societies where English often has official status in government and education. In these countries, the use of English has depth and range, meaning that many users at different levels of society use English within a variety of domains. Additionally, English users in these countries have developed nativized varieties that include creative literary traditions. Countries in the Outer Circle include India, Nigeria, Singapore and Zambia, among others. The third, or Expanding Circle, represents countries where English is viewed as an international language. In countries like China, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea and Saudi Arabia, the spread of English is not necessarily connected to a history of colonization. Instead, the use of English in these countries is encouraged by globalization and the desire of individuals to communicate with the international English-speaking community.”
Kachru, B. B. (1985) Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk and H.G. Widdowson (Eds), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1997). World Englishes and English-using communities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 17, 66-87
You will write a 5 page research paper about English variation in one of Kachru’s concentric circles.
Your bibliography should include at least 5 academic peer-reviewed references cited in APA format.
My topic: Chicano English in the United States
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